TypeScript 基本語法

TypeScript 是微軟開發的 JavaScript 的超集，TypeScript兼容JavaScript，可以載入JavaScript代碼然後運行。TypeScript與JavaScript相比進步的地方 包括：加入注釋，讓編譯器理解所支持的對象和函數，編譯器會移除注釋，不會增加開銷；增加一個完整的類結構，使之更新是傳統的面向對象語言。

TypeScript 微軟官方網站 http://www.typescriptlang.org/
TypeScript 源碼 http://typescript.codeplex.com

我用 TypeScript 語言的七個月 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-07/87506.htm

1.基本數據類型

Boolean

//Boolean
var isDone:boolean = false;

Number

//Number
var width:number = 100;

String

//String
var name:string = "hello";

Array

//Array
var list:number[] = [1, 2, 3];
var list:Array<number>=[1, 2, 3];

Enum

//Enum
enum Color {Red, Green, Blue}
var c: Color = Color.Red;
alert(c);//默認下標從0開始，alert(0);
//可以手動指定下標
enum Color1 {Red = 1, Green, Blue}
var c1: Color1 = Color1.Green;
alert(c1);//alert(2)
//根據下標查找名稱
enum Color2 {Red = 1, Green=2, Blue=4}
var c2: string = Color2[4];
alert(c2);//alert(Blue)

Any

//不確定類型，退出編譯檢查
var notSure: any = 4;
notSure = "maybe a string instead";
notSure = false; // okay, definitely a boolean

//不確定數組元素類型
var anylist:any[] = [1, true, "free"];
anylist[1] = 100;

Void

//空白
function warnUser(): void {
    alert(123);
}

2.類

基本語法

class Animal {
    animalName:string;

    constructor(name:string) {
        this.animalName = name;
    }

    sayHello() {
        alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
    }
}

var tom = new Animal("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom:Hello)

繼承

class Animal {
    animalName:string;

    constructor(name:string) {
        this.animalName = name;
    }

    sayHello() {
        alert(this.animalName + ": Hello");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    //重寫sayHello方法
    sayHello() {
        alert(this.animalName + "(Cat)：" + "Hello");
    }
}

class Mouse extends Animal {
    sayHello() {
        alert(this.animalName + "(Mouse)：" + "Hello");
    }
}

var tom:Animal = new Cat("Tom");
tom.sayHello();//alert(Tom(Cat):Hello)
var jerry:Animal = new Mouse("Jerry");
jerry.sayHello();//alert(Jerry(Mouse):Hello)

修飾符

當我們把animalName 改為private

class Animal {
    private animalName:string;//默認是public

    constructor(name:string) {
        this.animalName = name;
    }
    //...
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    //重寫sayHello方法
    sayHello() {
        alert(this.animalName + "(Cat)：" + "Hello");//Error 編譯不通過
    }
}

get，set 訪問器

class Animal {
    private _animalName:string;//默認是public

    get animalName():string {
        return this._animalName;
    }

    set animalName(name:string):string {
        this._animalName = name;
    }

    //...
}

靜態屬性

//靜態屬性
class Table {
    static width = 100;
    static height = 200;
}

var width = Table.width;
alert(width);//alert(100)

3.接口

基本語法

interface ICar {
    color:string;
}

class Bus implements ICar {
    color:string;
    constructor() {
        this.color = "Blue";
    }
}

var bus = new Bus();
alert(bus.color);

繼承接口

//繼承接口
interface Shape {
    color: string;
}

interface PenStroke {
    penWidth: number;
}

interface Square extends Shape, PenStroke {
    sideLength: number;
}

可選屬��

interface ICar {
    color:string;
    safetyDevice?:any;//實現類無需實現
}

function MoveCar(car:ICar){
    if(car.safetyDevice)
    {
        alert("The car is safe");
    }
    else
    {
        alert("The car is not safe");
    }
}

4.模塊（Modules）

作用：1.防止命名空間沖突；2.將一個功能模塊很容易的劃分到不同文件中，更容易維護；

基本語法

module MyDemo {
    export interface IDemo {

    }

    export class Demo implements IDemo {

    }
}

別名

module Shapes {
    export module Polygons {
        export class Triangle { }
        export class Square { }
    }
}

import polygons = Shapes.Polygons;
var sq = new polygons.Square(); // 類似於 'new Shapes.Polygons.Square()'

5.函數（Function）

基本語法

function add(x:number, y:number):number {
    return x + y;
}
// or
var myAdd = function (x:number, y:number):number {
    return x + y;
};

完整的函數類型

var myAdd:(x:number, y:number)=>number =
    function (x:number, y:number):number {
        return x + y;
    };

為了增強可讀性，給參數x、y具有實際的意義，可以這樣寫

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
    function (x:number, y:number):number {
        return x + y;
    };

第二部分number 是一個返回類型，如果無需返回類型，請使用 'void'
第三部分的function 參數類型，根據上下文類型進行推斷，可以省略

var myAdd:(baseValue:number, increment:number)=>number =
    function (x, y) {
        return x + y;
    };

可選參數

//可選參數
function buildName(firstName:string, lastName?:string) {
    if (lastName)
        return firstName + " " + lastName;
    else return firstName;
}
var result1 = buildName("Bob");

默認參數

//默認參數
function buildNameDefaultValue(firstName: string, lastName = "Smith") {
        return firstName + " " + lastName;
}
var result1 = buildNameDefaultValue("Bob");

可變參數

例如在C#中，方法參數定義使用param int[],調用方法時，就可以傳遞多個int類型的參數
在TypeScript中

function buildNameRest(firstName:string, ...restOfName:string[]) {
    return firstName + " " + restOfName.join(" ");
}

var employeeName = buildNameRest("Joseph", "Samuel", "Lucas", "MacKinzie")

Lambads 和this關鍵字

var people={
    name:["張三","李四","王五","趙六"],
    getName:function(){
        return function(){
            var i=Math.floor(Math.random()*4);
            return {
                n:this.name[i]
            }
        }
    }
}

var pname=people.getName();
alert("名字："+pname().n);

調用發現getName中的this關鍵字指向的是getName,訪問不到外部的name屬性
所以我們修改為：

var people = {
    name: ["張三", "李四", "王五", "趙六"],
    getName: function () {
        return  ()=> {
            var i = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4);
            return {
                n: this.name[i]
            }
        }
    }
}

var pname = people.getName();
alert("名字：" + pname().n);

重載

//重載
function student(name:string):string;
function student(age:number):number;
function student(numberorage:any):any {
    if (numberorage && typeof (numberorage) == "string")
        alert("姓名");
    else
        alert("年齡");
}
student("Tom");//alert("姓名")
student(15);//alert("年齡")

5.泛型

基本語法

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
    return arg;
}

//數組泛型
function identity<T>(arg: T[]): T[] {
    console.log(arg.length);
}

泛型類型（通用的函數類型）

function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
    return arg;
}
var myIdentity:<T>(arg:T)=>T = identity;//T也可使用其他字母表示
//也可以這麼寫
//var myIdentity:{<T>(arg:T): T} = identity;

接口泛型

interface GenericIdentityFn {
    <T>(arg:T): T;
}

function identity<T>(arg:T):T {
    return arg;
}

var myIdentity:GenericIdentityFn = identity;

泛型類

class GenericNumber<T> {
    zeroValue:T;
    add:(x:T, y:T) => T;
}

var myGenericNumber = new GenericNumber<number>();
myGenericNumber.zeroValue = 0;
myGenericNumber.add = function (x, y) {
    return x + y;
};

泛型約束

interface Lengthwise {
    length: number;
}

function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg:T):T {
    console.log(arg.length);
    return arg;
}

loggingIdentity(3);//error
loggingIdentity({length: 10, value: 3});  //只要類型包含length屬性即可

泛型類約束

class Findable<T>
{
    //...
}
function find<T>(n: T, s: Findable<T>) {
    // ...
}

6.合並

合並接口

interface Box {
    height: number;
    width: number;
}

interface Box {
    scale: number;
}

var box: Box = {height: 5, width: 6, scale: 10};

合並模塊

module Animals {
    exportclass Zebra { }
}

module Animals {
    exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
    exportclass Dog { }
}

//相當於
module Animals {
    exportinterface Legged { numberOfLegs: number; }
    
    exportclass Zebra { }
    exportclass Dog { }
}

合並模塊和類

class Album {
    label:Album.AlbumLabel;
}
module Album {
    export class AlbumLabel {
    }
}

合並模塊和函數

function buildLabel(name:string):string {
    return buildLabel.prefix + name + buildLabel.suffix;
}

module buildLabel {
    export var suffix = "";
    export var prefix = "Hello, ";
}

alert(buildLabel("Sam Smith"));

合並模塊與枚舉

enum Color {
    red = 1,
    green = 2,
    blue = 4
}

module Color {
    export function mixColor(colorName:string) {
        if (colorName == "yellow") {
            return Color.red + Color.green;
        }
        else if (colorName == "white") {
            return Color.red + Color.green + Color.blue;
        }
        else if (colorName == "magenta") {
            return Color.red + Color.blue;
        }
        else if (colorName == "cyan") {
            return Color.green + Color.blue;
        }
    }
}

不能合並

• 類與類不能合並
• 接口與類不能合並
• 變量與類不能合並