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Apache安裝、配置、優化

日期:2017/2/25 10:39:23   编辑:Linux教程

  Apache 安裝、配置、優化
  安裝 Apache 2.0.48 (查看Install手冊)
  考慮到以後要 rewite_url 來使 google 更加容易收錄網站,特地添加了 mod_rewrite 。
  同時為了限制流量,特別加了 mod_limitpcnn.c 補丁 , 所以多了一個 --enable-forward 選項。
  建議安裝完畢以後不要刪除安裝目錄,以便以後升級時使用。
  記得升級前關閉 apache2.0
  編譯過程:
  
  代碼:
  #./configure --enable-so --enable-speling --enable-rewrite --with-ssl=/usr/local/ssl --enable-forward
  # make
  # make install 
  
  這個例子裡面是編譯了 mod_so,mod_speling 和 openssl 支持。
  同樣有另外幾種寫法
  
  代碼:
  #./configure --enable-modules=so --enable-modules=speling --enable-modules=rewrite
  
  或者
  
  代碼:
  #./configure --enable-modules=”so speling”
  
  --enable-MODULE[=shared] 編譯並包含模塊 MODULE. MODULE 是文檔中去掉” _module ”的模塊名。要將一個模塊編譯成為 DSO, 需要加 -shared 選項 , 即 --enable-mods-shared 。 (查看 MODULE 手冊)
  
  注意 :"如果希望核心能夠裝載 DSO,而不實際編譯任何動態模塊,則要明確指定 --enable-modules=so 或者 --enable-so" (查看 DSO 手冊),所以前面的順序不能交換順序。 查看所有apache 的 configure 參數
  
  安裝完畢後可以用以下命令來查看啟動了那些模塊
  
  代碼:
  # apachectl -l
  Compiled in modules:
  core.c 
  mod_access.c
  mod_auth.c
  mod_include.c
  mod_log_config.c
  mod_env.c
  mod_setenvif.c
  prefork.c
  http_core.c
  mod_mime.c
  mod_status.c
  mod_autoindex.c
  mod_asis.c
  mod_cgi.c
  mod_negotiation.c
  mod_dir.c mod_imap.c
  mod_actions.c
  mod_speling.c
  mod_userdir.c
  mod_alias.c
  mod_rewrite.c
  mod_so.c 
  
  接著,將啟動程序放入開機程序中去。 如果要啟動 ssl 加密網頁,則必須通過手動啟動 apache2.0 (參見 ssl 部分 )
  
  代碼:
  # echo "/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start" >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local 
  
  參考:
  代碼:
  If you want your server to continue running after a system reboot ,
  you should add a call to apachectl to your system startup files (typically rc.local or
  a file in an rc.N directory). This will start Apache as root. Before doing this ensure
  that your server is properly configured for security and access restrictions. 
  
  在 profile 裡面添加以上的語句來設置路徑,使得在 bash 下更容易控制 apachectl, 省去了輸入路徑的麻煩。
  
  代碼:
  # vi /etc/profile
  PATH=" $PATH:usr/local/apache2/bin:” 
  
  配置 apache2.0
  
  代碼:
  # vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf 
  
  配置文件請看文件 httpd.conf (設置文檔目錄為/home/dalouis/public_html)
  
  代碼:
  #chmod 755 – R /home/dalouis/ 
  
  設置目錄的可讀性為 drwxr-xr-x(755), 否則會出現 "Forbidden You don't have permission to access / on this server."
  
  一些關於安全性的配置:
  
  考慮到 cgi-bin 的安全性問題,我們暫時將 cgi-bin 去掉。將所有 httpd.conf 中的所有關於 cgi-bin 的行加上 #.
  Xiyang 的配置
  我用的: mod_limitipconn, mod_expires, mod_gzip, mod_php4, mod_so, mod_access, mod_alias, mod_userdir, mod_dir, mod_autoindex, mod_status, mod_mime, mod_log_config, http_core
  
  關於超時的問題
  在我編寫好所有的產品查看頁面的時候,經常會出現因為超時,或者流量過大 ,apache 停止工作的問題,原因有二,一是代碼的不科學性,二是 apache 的設置問題。
  
  以下是對設置的一點改動:
  
  代碼:
  # KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections(more than
  # one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
  
  # KeepAlive Off
  
  # MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
  # during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
  # We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
  
  # MaxKeepAliveRequests 0
  
  # KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request
  # from the same client on the same connection.
  
  # KeepAliveTimeout 0
  
  • 記錄訪問者的 HTTP-REFERER 和 AGENT, 有助於統計來者是通過什麼搜索引擎找到我們的網站的。 或者在原有的CustomLog行,將參數由 common 改成 combined
  
  代碼:
  # If you would like to have agent and referer logfiles,
  # uncomment the following directives.
  CustomLog logs/referer_log referer       
  CustomLog logs/agent_log agent 
  CustomLog logs/www.domain.com-access_log combined    
  
  使用 mod_limitipconn.c 來限制 apache 的並發數
  
  Package: http://dominia.org/djao/limit/這裡的安裝建議使用動態 DSO 並 patch apache2.0, 以使得 apache2.0 可以認識在代理後方的 IP 。但是要 重新編譯 apache2.0, 以下是介紹。
  
  代碼:
  ##Instructions for building DSO with proxy tracking:
  # tar xzvf httpd-2.0.39.tar.gz
  # tar xzvf mod_limitipconn-0.22.tar.gz
  # cd httpd-2.0.39
  # patch -p1 < ../mod_limitipconn-0.22/apachesrc.diff
  # ./buildconf
  # ./configure --enable-so --enable-speling --enable-rewrite --with-ssl=/usr/local/ssl --enable-forward
  # make
  # make install
  # cd ../mod_limitipconn-0.22
  # PATH=/usr/local/apache2/bin:$PATH
  # make install
  安裝過程
  
  # lynx http://dominia.org/djao/limit/mod_limitipconn-0.22.tar.gz
  # tar -zxvf mod_limitipconn-0.22.tar.gz
  # cd httpd-2.0.48
  # patch -p1 < ../mod_limitipconn-0.22/apachesrc.diff
  patching file configure.in
  Hunk #1 succeeded at 373 (offset 55 lines).
  patching file include/scoreboard.h
  patching file modules/generators/mod_status.c
  Hunk #1 succeeded at 746 (offset -1 lines).
  patching file server/scoreboard.c
  # ./configure --enable-so --enable-speling --enable-rewrite --with-ssl=/usr/local/ssl --enable-forward
  # make
  # make install
  # cd ../mod_limitipconn-0.22
  # PATH=/usr/local/apache2/bin:$PATH
  # make install
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Libraries have been installed in:
  /usr/local/apache2/modules
  If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
  in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
  specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR'
  flag during linking and do at least one of the following:
  - add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
  during execution
  - add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
  during linking
  - use the `-Wl,--rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag
  - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf'
  See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
  more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  chmod 755 /usr/local/apache2/modules/mod_limitipconn.so
  [activating module `limitipconn' in /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf] 
  
  檢查 httpd.conf 文件,發現增加了一下一行
  
  代碼:
  LoadModule limitipconn_module modules/mod_limitipconn.so 
  
  同時需要設置以下參數在 httpd.conf 中 , 也可以在單個虛擬服務器中。
  
  代碼:
  ExtendedStatus On
  # Only needed if the module is compiled as a DSO
  LoadModule limitipconn_module lib/apache/mod_limitipconn.so
  <IfModule mod_limitipconn.c>
  <Location /somewhere>
  MaxConnPerIP 3
  # exempting images from the connection limit is often a good
  # idea if your web page has lots of inline images, since these
  # pages often generate a flurry of concurrent image requests
  # NoIPLimit image/*
  # In this case, all MIME types other than audio/mpeg and video*
  # are exempt from the limit check
  # OnlyIPLimit audio/mpeg video
  </Location>
  </IfModule> 
  
  注意: LoadModule limitipconn_module modules/mod_limitipconn.so 必須放在虛擬服務器之前!否則不能啟動。
  
  定制 Apache index 目錄
  
  在 Apache 中設置目錄 <Directory> 有 Options Indexes 屬性的時候,可以索引文件夾內容,但是如果要定制顯示的內容,就必須添加以下幾行到各個服務器的設置中去。(可以是全局,也可以是虛擬服務器或者目錄) MODULE: mod_autoindex
  
  代碼:
  ReadmeName /README.shtml
  HeaderName /HEADER.shtml
  IndexOptions +SuppressHTMLPreamble FancyIndexing VersionSort FoldersFirst NameWidth=* (Optoional) 
  
  但是,我在按照步驟,添加以上設置、設置文件夾可被索引屬性、制作頁首和頁尾上傳後,仍舊發現不能顯示。最終發現,由於我安裝了 PHP, 為了使得 PHP 代碼可以被嵌入 .html 和 .htm 文檔中,我將 httpd.conf 中的一條屬性設置為:
  
  代碼:
  AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .html .htm  
  
  這使得 apache 不能識別原本設置的 README.html 和 HEADER.html,以下這點是從apache 的文檔中找到類似的解說.
  
  參考
  代碼:
  Filename must resolve to a document with a major content
  type of text/* ( e.g. , text/html , text/plain , etc.). This
  means that filename may refer to a CGI script if the script's actual
  file type (as opposed to its output) is marked as text/html such
  as with a directive like:
  AddType text/html .cgi
  Content negotiation will be performed if Options MultiViews
  is in effect. If filename resolves to a static text/html document
  (not a CGI script) and either one of the options Includes
  or IncludesNOEXEC is enabled, the file will be processed for
  server-side includes (see the mod_include documentation). 
  
  我將上述 PHP 的 Type 的最終 .html 和 .htm 去掉以後,就可以正常顯示了。於是想辦法新添加一個種後綴名為 README 和 HEADER 專用:
  
  代碼:
  AddType text/html .shtml  
  
  然後修改 README.html 和 HEADER.html 為 README.shtml 和 HEADER.shtml 即可。
  
  要注意的是,因為我要列出的目錄都為 open source, 所以有很多名字為“ README ”的文件。因此,要將其中的一條配置做小小的修改。(就是隱藏某些文件的配置)
  
  代碼:
  IndexIgnore .??* *~ *# HEADER.* README.* RCS CVS *,v *,t
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