為了使GNU/Linux桌面環境下加載的程序較少以節省內存資源和提高啟動時間，我目前並不使用重量級的桌面環境KDE和Gnome，甚至連登錄窗界面gdm或xdm都不用，而是直接啟動到控制台，登錄後調用startx進入X視窗環境。所使用的工具組合列舉如下：
在~/.bashrc中設置音頻
首先介紹登錄到控制台時，在~/.bashrc中定義的一些環境變量，它們會在啟動X Window後，由amixer命令使用，用於系統音量控制。
# Default sound device
export DEFAULT_SOUND=numid=3,iface=MIXER,name="'Master Playback Volume'"
# Max sound for the two channels supported by the sound card
declare -i MAX_SOUND_VOLUME
export MAX_SOUND_VOLUME=65536
# Default sound volume percentage for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE=40
# Default sound volume for the two channels when starting X window
declare -i DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME
export DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
export DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME=$(($MAX_SOUND_VOLUME * $DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE / 100))
# Whether play init sound when starting X window
export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1
# Aliases for starting X with or without sound
alias xs="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=1; startx"
alias xq="export STARTX_INIT_SOUND=0; startx"
針對以上代碼解釋如下：
1. DEFAULT_SOUND變量包含了指定操作系統ALSA聲卡驅動調音器設備的編號與名稱。amixer以該值為參數，可以控制相應音頻的音量。該設備信息可以在命令行執行amixer contents顯示出來，如下所示。可以看出，默認音頻設備音量的最小值為0，最大值為65536（2字節），最小調整量為1，當前左、右聲道音量值均為17790。
numid=4,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Switch'
; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1
: values=on
numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume'
; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1
: values=17790,17790
numid=2,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Switch'
; type=BOOLEAN,access=rw------,values=1
: values=on
numid=1,iface=MIXER,name='Capture Volume'
; type=INTEGER,access=rw------,values=2,min=0,max=65536,step=1
: values=28174,28174
2. MAX_SOUND_VOLUME變量存儲了最大音量值65536。
3. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE與DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME_PERCENTAGE分別為左、右聲道的默認音量百分比，目前設為40%。
4. DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME與DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME分別為左、右聲道的默認音量整數值。
5. STARTX_INIT_SOUND變量為1時，在調用startx進入X Window時，會自動播放歡迎音樂；為0時則不播放。播放命令在~/.xinitrc中設置。
6. 創建了兩個aliases，xs為調用startx時播放歡迎音樂，xq則不播放。
設置~/.xinitrc
在控制台登錄後，有了~/.bashrc中的設置，就可以調用xs或xq來啟動startx進入X Window視窗環境。啟動過程中的相關配置與必要程序加載是在~/.xinitrc中設置的。其內容如下：
# Export ibus environment variables
export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
# Load NVIDIA configurations
nvidia-settings --load-config-only
# Load keyboard and mouse configurations
xmodmap ~/.xmodmaprc &
# Load X server resources
xrdb ~/.Xresources &
# Load image(s) as desktop wallpaper
# set_wallpaper.sh -r 0 -w 1920 -h 1080 -x 1280 -y 0 $picture/wallpapers/sunflower.jpg &
set_multi_wallpapers.sh -t 300 &
# Set the default sound volume
amixer cset numid=3,iface=MIXER,name='Master Playback Volume' $DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME,$DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME &
# Play welcome sound: Steve Jobs' speech
if [ "$STARTX_INIT_SOUND" = 1 ]; then
mplayer $music/speech/steve\ jobs\ in\ harvard\ clip.mp3 < /dev/null > /dev/null &
fi
# Adjust touchpad pressure sensitivity
if [ "$cur_host_name" = "QuantumBoy" ]; then
synclient PressureMotionMinZ=8
synclient PressureMotionMaxZ=80
fi
# Start window manager
sawfish --display=:0
針對以上代碼解釋如下：
1. 導出ibus輸入法相關的環境變量。
2. 執行nvidia-settings加載NVIDIA配置。
3. 使用xmodmap加載鍵盤與鼠標配置，主要是交換Caps Lock與左Control鍵，交換鼠標左右鍵。具體內容參見這裡。
4. 使用xrdb加載視窗資源文件~/.Xresources，其中針對不同的程序設置X顯示參數，設置光標主題。其內容如下：
Xcursor.theme: oxy-green
XClock.Clock.hourColor: red
XClock.Clock.minuteColor: green
XClock.Clock.minorColor: blue
XClock.Clock.majorColor: black
5. 啟動set_multi_wallpapers.sh腳本加載動態壁紙，或調用set_wallpaper.sh加載單張壁紙。具體內容參見這裡 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-10/123910.htm。
6. 使用amixer設置系統默認音量。左右聲道的音量值來自環境變量DEFAULT_LSOUND_VOLUME和DEFAULT_RSOUND_VOLUME。
7. 根據環境變量STARTX_INIT_SOUND的值判斷是否加播放啟動音頻。目前，我播放的是喬布斯說的stay hungray、stay foolish那段話。
8. 根據電腦的主機名判斷，如果使用的是自己的筆記本電腦ZaReason Ultralap 440的話，則執行synclient命令設置觸摸板壓力阈值。
9. 最後，啟動Sawfish窗口管理器。
Sawfish設置：~/.sawfishrc
Sawfish是一款輕量級的窗口管理器，基於librep庫支持使用Lisp語言對其進行配置：包括窗口顯示屬性，快捷鍵綁定等。所以，所謂的輕量級實際上是高性能、省資源，但其功能可以通過編程配置得極為強大。下面介紹我在~/.sawfishrc文件對其的配置。其中主要實現的功能有：
1. 將常用程序綁定到指定的快捷上。按下快捷鍵後，若與其關聯的程序未啟動，則將其啟動並放到前端；若已啟動，則將其提升到前端。該功能的實現依賴於jump-or-exec模塊。有了這個功能，則無需頻繁地使用鼠標在不同的窗口間切換了，非常方便。目前，我綁定的快捷鍵如下：
以上功能與設置的代碼如下。其中的display-close-message函數用於在屏幕上顯示已啟動程序的名稱，給用戶以信息反饋，並在指定時間後自動關閉。
;; Load jump-or-exec module
(require 'jump-or-exec)
;; Display a message which can automatically disappear
(defun display-close-message (message seconds &optional attributes)
"display MESSAGE for SECONDS seconds and make the message disappeared.
The default display-message don't close the message window automatically"
(interactive)
(display-message message attributes)
(make-timer
(lambda ()
(display-message)) seconds))
;; KDE terminal konsole
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-1" `(jump-or-exec "^Konsole@"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start KDE terminal..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "konsole &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Dolphin file manager
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-2" `(jump-or-exec "Dolphin$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Dolphin file manager..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "dolphin &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Emacs text editor
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-3" `(jump-or-exec "^Emacs@"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Emacs text editor..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "emacs &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Stardict
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-4" `(jump-or-exec "^StarDict$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Stardict electronic dictionary..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "stardict &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Iceweasel
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-5" `(jump-or-exec "Iceweasel$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Iceweasel web browser..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "iceweasel &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Icedove
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-6" `(jump-or-exec "(Mozilla Thunderbird)|(Icedove)"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Icedove mail and news..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "icedove &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; LibreOffice
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-7" `(jump-or-exec "LibreOffice"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start LibreOffice..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "libreoffice &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Gwenview
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-8" `(jump-or-exec "Gwenview$"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Gwenview image viewer..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "gwenview &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; Audacious
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-9" `(jump-or-exec "Audacious"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start Audacious music player..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "audacious &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
;; TV
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-0" `(jump-or-exec "MPlayer TV"
,(lambda ()
(display-close-message "Start TV..." alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib)
(system "tv_nomen.sh &"))
,(lambda (wind)
(display-window wind))))
2. 在進入X Window時自動加載指定程序，相當於Windows中的自啟動項目。目前我加載的程序有：
相關配置代碼如下：
;; Define startup programs
(setq startup-programs
'(
;; Start ibus input method: -x option starts ibus XIM server, -r option
;; replaces existing daemon. In addition, the following environment
;; variables should be set, otherwise, KDE programs cannot use ibus input
;; method.
("ibus-daemon" "-xrd")
;; Start wicd network manager
("wicd-gtk" "-t")
;; Enable touchpad tapping
("enable_tapbutton.sh")
;; Start screensaver
("xscreensaver" "-no-splash")
;; Start panel
("perlpanel")
;; Start Shutter for taking snapshots
("shutter")
;; Start amor toy: white kitty
("amor")
;; Start xclock
("xclock")
;; Start knotes
("knotes")
;; Start workrave
("workrave")))
;; Execute startup programs one by one
(mapc (lambda (program)
(apply start-process (make-process standard-output) program))
startup-programs)
;; Make sure active processes are killed before sawfish exits
(add-hook 'before-exit-hook
(lambda ()
(mapc stop-process (active-processes))))
3. 音量控制：目前音量控制綁定的快捷鍵如下
其所關聯的Sawfish函數會調用amixer命令來完成指定的操作。具體可以查閱amixer相關幫助。Sawfish代碼如下：
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; System sound volume related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq max-volume (string->number (getenv "MAX_SOUND_VOLUME")))
(setq min-volume 0)
(setq current-left-volume 0)
(setq current-right-volume 0)
(setq left-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq right-volume-before-mute 0)
(setq volume-adjust-ratio-step 0.01)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)
;; Get volume for both left and right channels and store them into variables
(defun get-volume()
"Get the volume string"
(interactive)
(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
(proc (make-process res-stream))
(res-str)
(res-str-splitted))
(call-process proc nil "/usr/local/bin/scripts/get_volume.sh")
(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
(setq res-str-splitted (string-split "," (substring res-str 0 (- (length res-str) 1))))
(setq current-left-volume (string->number (nth 0 res-str-splitted)))
(setq current-right-volume (string->number (nth 1 res-str-splitted)))))
(get-volume)
;; Get volume percentage string
(defun get-volume-percentage-str (vol)
"Get the percentage of the specified volume quantity in string format"
(interactive)
(concat (number->string (round (* (/ vol max-volume) 100))) "%"))
;; Set volume by ratio
(defun set-volume-by-ratio (lft-vol rt-vol)
"Set volume by percentage"
(interactive)
(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string (* max-volume lft-vol)) "," (number->string (* max-volume rt-vol)) " &"))
(get-volume))
;; Set volume by value
(defun set-volume-by-value (lft-vol rt-vol)
"Set volume by value"
(interactive)
(system (concat "amixer cset " (getenv "DEFAULT_SOUND") " " (number->string lft-vol) "," (number->string rt-vol) " &"))
(get-volume))
;; Increase volume by ratio
(defun volume-up-by-ratio (vol)
"Increase volume by ratio"
(interactive)
(let ((tmp-lft-vol)
(tmp-rt-vol))
(get-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol (+ current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
(setq tmp-rt-vol (+ current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
;; Detect if the volume is larger than max-volume
(if (> tmp-lft-vol max-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol max-volume))
(if (> tmp-rt-vol max-volume)
(setq tmp-rt-vol max-volume))
(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))
;; Decrease volume by ratio
(defun volume-down-by-ratio (vol)
"Decrease volume by ratio"
(interactive)
(let ((tmp-lft-vol)
(tmp-rt-vol))
(get-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol (- current-left-volume (* max-volume vol)))
(setq tmp-rt-vol (- current-right-volume (* max-volume vol)))
;; Detect if the volume is smaller than min-volume
(if (< tmp-lft-vol min-volume)
(setq tmp-lft-vol min-volume))
(if (< tmp-rt-vol min-volume)
(setq tmp-rt-vol min-volume))
(set-volume-by-value tmp-lft-vol tmp-rt-vol)))
;; Mute volume
(defun volume-mute ()
"Mute system sound"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value min-volume min-volume))
;; Unmute volume
(defun volume-unmute ()
"Unmute system sound"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value left-volume-before-mute right-volume-before-mute))
;; Full volume
(defun volume-max ()
"Set to max sound volume"
(interactive)
(set-volume-by-value max-volume max-volume))
;; Toggle mute
(defun toggle-volume-mute ()
"Toggle between current sound volume and mute"
(interactive)
(get-volume)
(if (and (= current-left-volume min-volume) (= current-right-volume min-volume))
(if toggle-mute-flag
(progn
(volume-unmute)
(setq toggle-mute-flag nil)
(display-close-message (concat "Sound restored to L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
(progn
(setq left-volume-before-mute current-left-volume)
(setq right-volume-before-mute current-right-volume)
(volume-mute)
(setq toggle-mute-flag t)
(display-close-message "Mute" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
;; Increase sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-]" `(progn
(volume-up-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
;; Decrease sound volume
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-[" `(progn
(volume-down-by-ratio volume-adjust-ratio-step)
(display-close-message (concat "Volume L:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-left-volume) " R:" (get-volume-percentage-str current-right-volume)) alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)))
;; Toggle sound mute and unmute
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-\\" `(toggle-volume-mute))
以上代碼中還用到了自己編寫的腳本get_volume.sh用於獲取系統當前音量，具體如下：
#!/bin/bash
amixer cget $DEFAULT_SOUND | gawk '{if(match($0, /values=([[:digit:]]+,[[:digit:]]+)/, res) != 0) print res[1];}'
4. 關閉與激活屏幕保護程序：看電影的時候就不要啟動屏保了，所以需要這樣的功能。綁定的快捷鍵為Win+p。相關配置如下。
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; xscreensaver related variables and functions
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t)
(defun enable-xscreensaver ()
"Enable xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver -no-splash &")
(setq xscreensaver-enabled t))
(defun disable-xscreensaver ()
"Disable xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(system "exec /usr/bin/xscreensaver-command -exit &")
(setq xscreensaver-enabled nil))
(defun toggle-xscreensaver-activation ()
"Activate/deactivate xscreensaver"
(interactive)
(if xscreensaver-enabled
(disable-xscreensaver)
(enable-xscreensaver)))
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-p" `(progn
(toggle-xscreensaver-activation)
(if xscreensaver-enabled
(display-close-message "Screensaver enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)
(display-close-message "Screensaver disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
5. 關閉與激活觸控板按鈕（僅對筆記本電腦有效），快捷鍵為Win+z。相關配置如下：
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Touchpad operation
;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
(setq tapbutton-enabled t)
;; Toggle tap button function of the touchpad
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-z" `(progn
(system "toggle_tapbutton.sh &")
(setq tapbutton-enabled (not tapbutton-enabled))
(if tapbutton-enabled
(display-close-message "Tap button enabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib)
(display-close-message "Tap button disabled!" alert-msg-short-time alert-msg-attrib))))
其中調用了自己編寫的腳本程序toggle_tapbutton.sh與enable_tapbutton.sh，其內容分別為：
#!/bin/bash
script_name="toggle_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to disable/enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"
function display_help() {
if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then
echo -e "Usage: $script_usage"
fi
if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then
echo -e "$script_function"
fi
if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then
echo -e "\n$script_doc"
fi
if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then
echo -e "\nExamples"
echo -e "$script_examples"
fi
}
# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; do
case $opt in
h ) display_help
exit 0 ;;
\? ) display_help
exit 1 ;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then
tap1=`synclient -l | grep TapButton1 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`
tap2=`synclient -l | grep TapButton2 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`
tap3=`synclient -l | grep TapButton3 | cut -d '=' -f 2 | tr -d [:space:]`
if [ "$tap1" = "0" ] && [ "$tap2" = "0" ] && [ "$tap3" = "0" ]; then
enable_tapbutton.sh
else
disable_tapbutton.sh
fi
exit 0
fi
echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"
#!/bin/bash
script_name="enable_tapbutton.sh"
script_usage=$(cat <<EOF
$script_name
EOF
)
script_function=$(cat <<EOF
This script is used to enable the finger tap function of Synaptics touchpad.
EOF
)
script_doc=$(cat <<EOF
-h Display this help.
EOF
)
script_examples=$(cat <<EOF
EOF
)
state_prefix="==="
warning_prefix="***"
error_prefix="!!!"
function display_help() {
if [ -n "$script_usage" ]; then
echo -e "Usage: $script_usage"
fi
if [ -n "$script_function" ]; then
echo -e "$script_function"
fi
if [ -n "$script_doc" ] ; then
echo -e "\n$script_doc"
fi
if [ -n "$script_examples" ]; then
echo -e "\nExamples"
echo -e "$script_examples"
fi
}
# Process command options
while getopts ":h" opt; do
case $opt in
h ) display_help
exit 0 ;;
\? ) display_help
exit 1 ;;
esac
done
shift $(($OPTIND - 1))
# Start execute the command
if [ $OSTYPE = 'linux-gnu' ]; then
synclient TapButton1=3
synclient TapButton2=1
synclient TapButton3=2
echo "$state_prefix Finger tapping on touchpad has been enabled!"
exit 0
fi
echo "$warning_prefix Operating system or host name is not supported!"
6. 窗口與桌面操作函數與快捷鍵：其中一些功能是Sawfish自帶的，直接在設置對話窗口中綁定即可。
•Win+e：顯示當前窗口信息，包括名稱、大小、位置、組編號
;; Display window position and dimension
(defun display-window-paras ()
"Display the position, dimension and group ID of the current window."
(interactive)
(let* ((cur-win (input-focus))
(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
(display-message
(concat "Name: " (window-name cur-win) "\n"
"Dimension: " (number->string win-width) "x" (number->string win-height) "\n"
"Position: " (number->string win-x) "x" (number->string win-y) "\n"
"Group ID: " (number->string (window-actual-group-id cur-win)))
alert-msg-attrib)))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-e" `(display-window-paras))
•Win+c：將窗口放置於屏幕（Screen）中心。其中調用了current-head-dimension與current-head-offset，所以可以支持多個顯示器。
;; Center to screen
(defun center-to-screen (cur-win)
"Center the current window to the current screen"
(interactive "%f")
(let* ((screen-width (car (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
(screen-height (cdr (current-head-dimensions cur-win)))
(screen-x (car (current-head-offset cur-win)))
(screen-y (cdr (current-head-offset cur-win)))
(win-width (car (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-height (cdr (window-dimensions cur-win)))
(win-x (car (window-position cur-win)))
(win-y (cdr (window-position cur-win))))
;; Adjust x position
(if (>= win-width screen-width)
(setq win-x screen-x)
(setq win-x (round (+ (/ (- screen-width win-width) 2) screen-x))))
;; Adjust y position
(if (>= win-height screen-height)
(setq win-y screen-y)
(setq win-y (round (+ (/ (- screen-height win-height) 2) screen-y))))
;; Modify window position
(move-window-to cur-win win-x win-y)))
•Win+f：顯示與隱藏窗口邊框。在一些電影上可以看到黑客用的電腦程序沒有窗口邊框。
;; Toggle window type between default and unframed
(defun toggle-window-frame (cur-win)
"Toggle window type between default and unframed"
(interactive)
(if (= (window-type cur-win) 'unframed)
(set-window-type cur-win 'default)
(set-window-type cur-win 'unframed)))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-f" `(toggle-window-frame (input-focus)))
•Win+Ctrl+1~9：將窗口添加到指定組，這就像是在玩星際編隊。
;; Window group related functions
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-1" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 1)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-2" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 2)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-3" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 3)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-4" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 4)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-5" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 5)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-6" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 6)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-7" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 7)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-8" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 8)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
(bind-keys window-keymap
"Super-C-9" `(progn
(let ((cur-win (input-focus)))
(add-window-to-group cur-win 1)
(display-close-message (concat "Window " (window-name (input-focus)) " added to group " (number->string 9)) alert-msg-time alert-msg-attrib))))
•Win+i：最小化窗口
(defun iconify-current-group (cur-win)
"Iconify current window group"
(interactive "%f")
(iconify-group cur-win))
7. 顯示筆記本電池信息：調用了acpi命令，快捷鍵為Win+b，代碼如下：
;; Display batter information by calling acpi
(defun display-batter-info ()
"Display batter information by calling acpi"
(interactive)
(let* ((res-stream (make-string-output-stream))
(proc (make-process res-stream))
(res-str))
(call-process proc nil "acpi" "-i" "-b")
(setq res-str (get-output-stream-string res-stream))
(display-message res-str alert-msg-attrib)))
(bind-keys global-keymap
"Super-b" `(display-batter-info))
8. 添加窗口hook（before-add-window-hook）對符合匹配條件的窗口賦以特殊屬性，如令其不顯示在窗口循環列表中、自啟動後保持最大化、指定窗口初始大小、將窗口固定顯示在桌面某個位置等。需要用到正則表達式模塊rep.regexp匹配字符串，以及sawfish.wm.commands.groups和sawfish.wm.frames模塊獲取窗口屬性。相關配置如下：
(require 'rep.regexp)
(require 'sawfish.wm.commands.groups)
(require 'sawfish.wm.frames)
(defun get-wm-window-type (win)
"Get the _NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE property of a window"
(interactive)
(aref (nth 2 (get-x-property win '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE)) 0))
(defun get-wm-property (win prop)
"Get the x window property of a window"
(interactive)
(nth 2 (get-x-property win prop)))
;; Set LibreOffice Impress window property
;; Remove window frame of LibreOffice Impress window when it is in fullscreen
;; presentation.
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (and (string-match "^soffice" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (= (get-wm-window-type w) '_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL))
(set-window-type w 'unframed)))
t)
;; Set FreeRDP window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (string-match "^FreeRDP" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
(progn
(set-window-type w 'unframed))))
t)
;; Set xclock window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (string-match "^xclock$" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
(progn
(mark-window-as-dock w)
(window-put w 'task-list-skip t)
(set-window-type w 'unframed))))
t)
;; Set Audacious window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (string-match "[aA]udacious" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
(progn
(mark-window-as-desktop w)
(window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))
t)
;; Set Workrave window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (and (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_CLASS)) (string-match "[wW]orkrave" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME)))
(progn
(mark-window-as-dock w)
(window-put w 'task-list-skip t))))
t)
;; Set full-window online video window property (played in Iceweasel)
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (string-match "plugin-container" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
(progn
(maximize-window-fullscreen w)))))
;; Set Wesnoth full-window property
(add-hook 'before-add-window-hook
(lambda (w)
(if (string-match "The Battle for Wesnoth" (get-wm-property w 'WM_NAME))
(progn
(set-window-type w 'unframed)
(move-window-to w 1280 0)))))
總結
由本文介紹可以看出，通過將GNU/Linux下不同的工具組合起來，如startx、Sawfish、xmodmap、amixer等，便可以實現節省系統資源、高效、方便的桌面操作環境。
