以arm為例，分析一下kernel的啟動過程;
內核版本：linux-3.2.tar.gz
一、arch/arm/kernel/head.s
/*add r8, r8, r4 @ PHYS_OFFSET
==========
#1 :arch/arm/kernel/head-common.h
==========
/*
* Read processor ID register (CP#15, CR0), and look up in the linker-built
* supported processor list. Note that we can't use the absolute addresses
* for the __proc_info lists since we aren't running with the MMU on
* (and therefore, we are not in the correct address space). We have to
* calculate the offset.
*
* r9 = cpuid
* Returns:
* r3, r4, r6 corrupted
* r5 = proc_info pointer in physical address space
* r9 = cpuid (preserved)
*/
__CPUINIT
__lookup_processor_type:
adr r3, __lookup_processor_type_data @adr 相對偏移讀取，讀取下面type_data地址
ldmia r3, {r4 - r6} @將該地址存放的值 放入r4(.)，r5(begin)，r6(end)
sub r3, r3, r4 @ get offset between virt&phys 鏈接地址-實際地址=偏移量
==========
繼續arch/arm/kernel/head.s
==========
/*
* r1 = machine no, r2 = atags or dtb,
* r8 = phys_offset, r9 = cpuid, r10 = procinfo
*/
bl __vet_atags @#1,head-common.s
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP_ON_UP
bl __fixup_smp @略
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_ARM_PATCH_PHYS_VIRT
bl __fixup_pv_table @略
#endif
bl __create_page_tables @#2
==========
#1 :arch/arm/kernel/head-common.h
==========
/* Determine validity of the r2 atags pointer. The heuristic requires
* that the pointer be aligned, in the first 16k of physical RAM and
* that the ATAG_CORE marker is first and present. If CONFIG_OF_FLATTREE
* is selected, then it will also accept a dtb pointer. Future revisions
* of this function may be more lenient with the physical address and
* may also be able to move the ATAGS block if necessary.
*
* Returns:
* r2 either valid atags pointer, valid dtb pointer, or zero
* r5, r6 corrupted
*/
__vet_atags:
tst r2, #0x3 @ aligned? 不對其就返回
bne 1f
ldr r5, [r2, #0] @讀到r5
#ifdef CONFIG_OF_FLATTREE
ldr r6, =OF_DT_MAGIC @ is it a DTB? 過濾DTB
cmp r5, r6
beq 2f
#endif
cmp r5, #ATAG_CORE_SIZE @ is first tag ATAG_CORE? must be first
cmpne r5, #ATAG_CORE_SIZE_EMPTY
bne 1f
ldr r5, [r2, #4]
ldr r6, =ATAG_CORE
cmp r5, r6
bne 1f
2: mov pc, lr @ atag/dtb pointer is ok
1: mov r2, #0
mov pc, lr
ENDPROC(__vet_atags)
============
@#2：__create_page_tables
============
/*
* Setup the initial page tables. We only setup the barest
* amount which are required to get the kernel running, which
* generally means mapping in the kernel code.
*
* r8 = phys_offset, r9 = cpuid, r10 = procinfo
*
* Returns:
* r0, r3, r5-r7 corrupted
* r4 = physical page table address
*/
__create_page_tables:
pgtbl r4, r8 @ page table address
============
[cpp]
/*
* Then map boot params address in r2 or
* the first 1MB of ram if boot params address is not specified.
3.0選擇性將enablemmu和boot params雙映射，並不是以前機械的前8M雙映射
mov pc,lr
回到
/*
* The following calls CPU specific code in a position independent
* manner. See arch/arm/mm/proc-*.S for details. r10 = base of
* xxx_proc_info structure selected by __lookup_processor_type
* above. On return, the CPU will be ready for the MMU to be
* turned on, and r0 will hold the CPU control register value.
*/
ldr r13, =__mmap_switched @ address to jump to after
@ mmu has been enabled
adr lr, BSYM(1f) @ return (PIC) address
mov r8, r4 @ set TTBR1 to swapper_pg_dir
ARM( add pc, r10, #PROCINFO_INITFUNC )
THUMB( add r12, r10, #PROCINFO_INITFUNC )
THUMB( mov pc, r12 )
1: b __enable_mmu
============
進入enable_mmu
/*
* Setup common bits before finally enabling the MMU. Essentially
* this is just loading the page table pointer and domain access
* registers.
*
* r0 = cp#15 control register
* r1 = machine ID
* r2 = atags or dtb pointer
* r4 = page table pointer
* r9 = processor ID
* r13 = *virtual* address to jump to upon completion
*/
__enable_mmu:
#if defined(CONFIG_ALIGNMENT_TRAP) && __LINUX_ARM_ARCH__ < 6
orr r0, r0, #CR_A
#else
bic r0, r0, #CR_A
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_DCACHE_DISABLE
bic r0, r0, #CR_C
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_BPREDICT_DISABLE
bic r0, r0, #CR_Z
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_ICACHE_DISABLE
bic r0, r0, #CR_I
#endif
mov r5, #(domain_val(DOMAIN_USER, DOMAIN_MANAGER) | \
domain_val(DOMAIN_KERNEL, DOMAIN_MANAGER) | \
domain_val(DOMAIN_TABLE, DOMAIN_MANAGER) | \
domain_val(DOMAIN_IO, DOMAIN_CLIENT))
mcr p15, 0, r5, c3, c0, 0 @ load domain access register
mcr p15, 0, r4, c2, c0, 0 @ load page table pointer
b __turn_mmu_on
ENDPROC(__enable_mmu)
==========
/*
* Enable the MMU. This completely changes the structure of the visible
* memory space. You will not be able to trace execution through this.
* If you have an enquiry about this, *please* check the linux-arm-kernel
* mailing list archives BEFORE sending another post to the list.
*
* r0 = cp#15 control register
* r1 = machine ID
* r2 = atags or dtb pointer
* r9 = processor ID
* r13 = *virtual* address to jump to upon completion
*
* other registers depend on the function called upon completion
*/
.align 5
__turn_mmu_on:
mov r0, r0
mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0 @ write control reg
mrc p15, 0, r3, c0, c0, 0 @ read id reg
mov r3, r3
mov r3, r13 //跳回r13，=__mmap_switched
mov pc, r3
__enable_mmu_end:
ENDPROC(__turn_mmu_on)
==========
#arch/arm/kernel/head-common.s
/*
* The following fragment of code is executed with the MMU on in MMU mode,
* and uses absolute addresses; this is not position independent.
*
* r0 = cp#15 control register
* r1 = machine ID
* r2 = atags/dtb pointer
* r9 = processor ID
*/
__INIT
__mmap_switched:
adr r3, __mmap_switched_data
ldmia r3!, {r4, r5, r6, r7}
cmp r4, r5 @ Copy data segment if needed
1: cmpne r5, r6
ldrne fp, [r4], #4
strne fp, [r5], #4
bne 1b
mov fp, #0 @ Clear BSS (and zero fp)
1: cmp r6, r7
strcc fp, [r6],#4
bcc 1b
ARM( ldmia r3, {r4, r5, r6, r7, sp})
THUMB( ldmia r3, {r4, r5, r6, r7} )
THUMB( ldr sp, [r3, #16] )
str r9, [r4] @ Save processor ID
str r1, [r5] @ Save machine type
str r2, [r6] @ Save atags pointer
bic r4, r0, #CR_A @ Clear 'A' bit
stmia r7, {r0, r4} @ Save control register values
b start_kernel
ENDPROC(__mmap_switched)
===========
絕對地址操作，copy data，bss清空，跳入start_kernel，進入c環境。
