iostat的默認參數是tdc(terminal, disk, and CPU)。如果任何其他的選項被指定,這個默認參數將被完全替代,例如,iostat -d將只反 映磁盤的統計結果。
語法: 基本語法: iostat interval count option - 讓你指定所需信息的設備,像磁盤、cpu或者終端(-d , -c , -t or -tdc ) 。x 選項給出了完整的統計結果(gives the extended statistic)。 interval - 在兩個samples之間的時間(秒)。 count - 就是需要統計幾次
例子: $ iostat -xtc 5 2 extended disk statistics tty cpu disk r/s w/s Kr/s Kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt id sd0 2.6 3.0 20.7 22.7 0.1 0.2 59.2 6 19 0 84 3 85 11 0 sd1 4.2 1.0 33.5 8.0 0.0 0.2 47.2 2 23 sd2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 sd3 10.2 1.6 51.4 12.8 0.1 0.3 31.2 3 31 The fields have the following meanings: disk name of the disk r/s reads per second w/s writes per second Kr/s kilobytes read per second Kw/s kilobytes written per second wait average number of transactions waiting for service (Q length) actv average number of transactions actively being serviced (removed from the queue but not yet completed) %w percent of time there are transactions waiting for service (queue non-empty) %b percent of time the disk is busy (transactions in progress) Results and Solutions: 從iostat輸出結果中需要注意的值: Reads/writes per second (r/s , w/s) Percentage busy (%b) Service time (svc_t) 如果磁盤顯示長時間的高reads/writes,並且磁盤的percentage busy (%b)也遠大於5%,同時average service time (svc_t)也遠大於30 milliseconds,這以下的措施需要被執行: 1.)調整應用,令其使用磁盤i/o更加有效率,可以通過修改磁盤隊列、使用應用服務器的cache 2.)將文件系統分布到2個或多個磁盤上,並使用volume manager/disksuite的條帶化特點 3.) 增加系統參數值,如inode cache , ufs_ninode。Increase the system parameter values for inode cache , ufs_ninode , which is Number of inodes to be held in memory. Inodes are cached globally (for UFS), not on a per-file system basis 4.) 將文件系統移到更快的磁盤/控制器,或者用更好的設備來代替 vmstat - vmstat反映了進程的虛擬內存、虛擬內存、磁盤、trap(是不是翻譯成中斷??)和cpu的活動情況 在多cpu系統中,vmstat在輸出結果中平均了cpu數量。For per-process statistics .如果沒有選項,vmstat顯示一行虛擬內存活動的概要 結果,是從系統啟動時開始的。
語法: vmstat interval count option - 讓你指定所需的信息類型,例如 paging -p , cache -c ,.interrupt -i etc. 如果沒有指定選項,將會顯示進程、內存、頁、磁盤、中斷和cpu信息 interval - 同iostat count - 同iostat 例子 The following command displays a summary of what the system is doing every five seconds. example% vmstat 5 procs memory page disk faults cpu r b w swap free re mf pi p fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s3 in sy cs us sy id 0 0 0 11456 4120 1 41 19 1 3 0 2 0 4 0 0 48 112 130 4 14 82 0 0 1 10132 4280 0 4 44 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 211 230 144 3 35 62 0 0 1 10132 4616 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 150 172 146 3 33 64 0 0 1 10132 5292 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 165 105 130 1 21 78 The fields of vmstat's display are procs r in run queue b blocked for resources I/O, paging etc. w swapped memory (in Kbytes) swap - amount of swap space currently available free - size of the free list page ( in units per second). re page reclaims - see -S option for how this field is modified. mf minor faults - see -S option for how this field is modified. pi kilobytes paged in po kilobytes paged out fr kilobytes freed de anticipated short-term memory shortfall (Kbytes) sr pages scanned by clock algorithm disk ( operations per second ) There are slots for up to four disks, labeled with a single letter and number. The letter indicates the type of disk (s = SCSI, i = IPI, etc) . The number is the logical unit number. faults in (non clock) device interrupts sy system calls cs CPU context switches cpu - breakdown of percentage usage of CPU time. On multiprocessors this is an a verage across all processors. us user time sy system time id idle time
結果和解決方案: A. CPU issues: 下面幾列需要被察看,以確定cpu是否有問題 Processes in the run queue (procs r) User time (cpu us) System time (cpu sy) Idle time (cpu id) procs cpu r b w us sy id 0 0 0 4 14 82 0 0 1 3 35 62 0 0 1 3 33 64 0 0 1 1 21 78
問題情況: 1.) 如果processes in run queue (procs r)的數量遠大於系統中cpu的數量,將會使系統便慢。 2.) 如果這個數量是cpu的4倍的話,說明系統正面臨cpu能力短缺,這將使系統運行速度大幅度降低 3.) 如果cpu的idle時間經常為0的話,或者系統占用時間(cpu sy)是用戶占用時間(cpu us)兩輩的話,系統面臨缺少cpu資源
解決方案 : 解決這些情況,涉及到調整應用程序,使其能更有效的使用cpu,同時增加cpu的能力或數量。 B. Memory Issues: 內存的瓶頸取決於scan rate (sr) 。scan rate是每秒時鐘對頁的掃描 (he scan rate is the pages scanned by the clock algorithm per second.)如果 scan rate (sr)一直大於200 pages每秒,這時就是內存短缺的現實。
解決方案 : 1. 調整應用和服務器,使其能更好的使用memory和cache 2. 增加系統內存 dmidecode類似AIX的lsdev,所有的設備基本都可以看到。